Spin - Candidate for a Fundamental Force?

Abstract

An easily measured force has been discovered around humans. This force is not magnetic, though it changes amplitude and direction when there are geomagnetic storms. It is called a spin force, because it causes light weight materials to spin around the human body, usually clockwise (as seen from above). The spin force also has been found to exist around animals, plants, fruits, and other living organisms.
Experiments in physics have used the notion of spin for nearly 100 years. A spin force can be found in electrons, atoms, and molecules. Biologist write about the spin of cells, and organs.
Planets, stars, and galaxies also spin. Spin is not a superficial byproduct of matter. It is postulated in this paper that spin be considered a fundamental force on a level with the other 4 fundamental forces in physics (Gravity, Electromagnetism, Strong, and Weak Nuclear). This notion may provide another step toward a unified field theory as well as provide simpler explanations of certain phenomena in astronomy, such as missing matter and the formation of planets and satellites.

Introduction

In physics, a force is said to exist if a body (of matter) changes its direction or speed. In other words, if something moves, a force must be moving it. You might say that the term "force" covers our ignorance. While this is true, once we have given a name to a force, we can begin to study it; designing experiments to measure how it behaves or is related to other forces. Such a notion, ideally, should have some basis in experimental observation, should simplify and unify present observations of matter in motion, lead to some unifying theoretical constructs, be expressible in mathematical formulations, and lead to testable hypotheses. The experimental discovery of spin around living organisms does seem to meet these criteria.  

A spin force was detected around living organisms by the author in 1978.¹ A series of experiments which used three versions of a simple frame device, now called a Biofield Meter, are shown in the accompanying illustration. The apparatus can be made by anyone in an hour.
When suspended over a human, animal, or plant, the Biofield Meters were observed to rotate a few degrees in a consistent manner. A mirror mounted on the frame serves to reflect light onto a scale mounted on a wall. Essentially, a Biofield Meter is like a light beam galvanometer, commonly used in physics experiments fifty years ago.

Three aspects of the force around humans were observed:

1. The magnitude and direction of the force varies with solar/geomagnetic activity.

2. The spin force is weaker when a person is ill, tired, or very calm.
3. At times of new and full moon the spin force usually reverses direction for a few hours.

Others have independently discovered a spin force, although they did not report what it was related to. As early as 1922, the British journal Lancet² published an article on the biological force of spin. A German scientist, Walter Peschka, also discovered it in the 1970s³. In Hungary, George Edgley discovered the effect and designed a pocket device called The Edgley Wheel, which is currently on the market.⁴ There are a number of observations in astronomy that support this hypothesis. Some are described as follows:

Universe 

According to an article in Science News⁵ two astronomers found that the polarization of radio waves emitted by 160 distant galaxies is larger in one direction than any other. The authors argue that this implies the presence of a rotational force (or spin), which defines an axis for all the galaxies studied. I spoke with one of the authors by phone in the fall of 2007. He confirmed the reported results.

Galaxies

Many Galaxies rotate - their spiral forms dramatically illustrate this rotation. In apparent defiance of the law of conservation of angular momentum, stars in the outer portions of the galaxies rotate faster than expected. Einstein had to add his famous "Cosmological Constant" to his equations to cover this apparent anomaly. Astronomers studying distant, and therefore ancient, galaxies in the process of formation are puzzled by their rotation rate. Observed as they appeared when the cosmos was only 20% of its current age, these gaseous objects seem to rotate about twice as fast as would be predicted by several popular models of galaxy formation. If we think in terms of spin being a force, we may conclude that the faster rotation could be due to the presence of a spin force. The spin force would help form galaxies or stars, just as dust particles are thought to spin and coalesce to form planets.

Stars

An article in Astronomy presented data from the Hubble telescope while it was focused on The Crab Nebula. The data gave rise to the inference that there is a city-sized pulsar more massive than the Sun at the center of the nebula. The pulsar, a remnant of an exploded star's core, rotates 30 times per second and gives off as much energy as 100,000 suns, according to the report. The solar wind created by this rapidly spinning pulsar streams off along the pulsar's equatorial plane, which puzzled astronomers because most theories predicted that material would stream off the pulsar in all directions. The presence of a planer spin force would more easily account for the observation.

When the supernova exploded in 1987 (our time), the model of the explosion did not explain why the material, swept up by the fast wind, should form rings instead of a spherical shell.
Again, the concept of a spin force could be an alternative explanation for this observation. Spin forces operate only in one plane.

It was thought that a black hole would drag space-time around it, since it is so massive and spinning so rapidly. It seems simpler to assume the presence of a spin force to account for the observed effects.

Planets

Planet formation continues to be a fascinating field of study for astronomers. It was reported that astronomers studying Hubble images of the star Beta Pictoris (50 light years away) were surprised to find that "something is...twisting the disc" (of dust and gas) around Beta Pictoris.
Could a spin force be operating to help form spinning planets?
Within our solar system, the outer planets spin faster around their axes than the inner ones, except for Pluto which spins slowly. Pluto has also been recently suggested not to be a planet.
Mercury and Venus hardly spin, while Earth whirls around once a day at 1,000 miles per hour.
Mars spins once around in about 20 hours, and Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus all spin around in about ten hours. Spin is everywhere. About one out of every eight asteroids has been found with little moons spinning around them. At times of intense solar and or geomagnetic activity, the rotation rate of Earth changes. These changes are usually ascribed to changes in wind velocity. However they could also be due to spin force changes. (The spin force around humans sometimes reverses for a short time when the Moon is new or full or when there are geomagnetic storms.)
Einstein considered the explanation of Earth's spin and its associated magnetic field to be one of the major unsolved problems. A recent finding would have intrigued him: "Hurricanes within Earth's Core" was the title of a Science News⁶ note describing the amazing finding that Earth's inner core spins faster than the rest of the planet. A satisfactory theory has yet to be constructed according to the article.

Sunspots, Planetary Spots, and Meteorological Storms

Some sunspots seem to be whirling vortices, as were the former great red spot on Jupiter, and a spot on Neptune. Earth's cloud cover manifests local spin fields in the form of vortices (hurricanes and tornadoes) on a continual basis. Hurricanes and tornadoes may be analogs of sunspots; spinning vortices in the atmosphere. These are usually explained by the differential spin of the planet from pole to equator, but another spin factor may be operating.

Subatomic Particles 

At a much lower level of structure, protons have a property called spin, as do electrons, and all other subatomic particles. Magnetism may be perceived as a special case of spin force.

What has been called magnetism is known to be a manifestation of the alignment of the spin of some electrons in iron atoms. It is the alignment of these few electrons that makes the property we call magnetism apparent to our instruments. We could replace the term "magnetic force" by the phrase "aligned electron spins." All electrons have this property called spin, but only some of the electrons, mostly in iron, freely change their spin axes when a magnetizing force is applied from an external magnet, an electric current, or from the magnetic force (Spin Force) of the Earth. The so-called magnetic force detected around a current-carrying wire is observed when other electrons come near the wire (as in a compass needle, where they are spin organized) or in the movement of electron beams (as in a TV screen). Wherever the terms ‘magnetism’ or ‘magnetic force’ are used, the term ‘spin’, or ‘aligned spins’, may often be substituted.

Collections of protons and neutrons, called atomic nuclei, are assigned spin numbers. Spin changes may propagate at a greater velocity than light. One Russian scientist has done an experiment which could show this, and one man in Colorado also has evidence for this. Such a possibility may account for the puzzling observations that the change of spin of one particle appears to alter the spin of another one at a distance greater than can be accounted for by light speeds. Experiments with linear accelerators produce particles and antiparticles with opposite electrical charges and spins. Quantum theory indicates that one particle of a newly created pair appears to respond instantly to what the other is doing, even if the two are far apart. But, in fact it takes a very minute amount of time (less than four ten-billionths of a second) to respond, which is very small but not zero. This suggests that the spin velocity is super, super fast!

Could all this provide an alternative explanation for Bell's theorem? It seems reasonable to tentatively accept that spin be considered another force, and to seek ways to measure its magnitude and velocity, and weave it into the fabric of theoretical physics.

Magnetism could be perceived as a special case of spin force. Most planets and stars spin, and have magnetic fields. What is the connection? For spinning planets, the direction of the magnetic force at the poles is sometimes coincident with, but not always, the axis of spin. Yet when objects on Earth spin, such as a piece of plastic or a rubber ball, no ordinary magnetic forces are observed. Spin seems to be a more general term.
What we call magnetic forces may be a subset of spin. Obviously this whole area of physics needs careful reformulating. A connection between molecular spin and magnetism was published in Science News: "In recent years, chemists have synthesized a variety of large molecules that behave like miniature magnets. One such macromolecule is manganese acetate, which includes a cluster of 12 manganese ions and 16 acetate ions. Each macromolecule is in a single magnetic state, generally described as its spin state. When a large number of these manganese clusters aggregate into a single crystal, the spin state of each cluster points in a random direction. The application of an external magnetic field, however, can bring these spin states into alignment, giving the crystal itself a definite magnetic field, or spin." So again we see that so-called magnetic forces result from aligning spins, but of molecules, not electrons.
Spin force also complements gravity.
That there is a connection between gravity and spin force is supported by four reports of relevance known to the author - there may be more.

1. Two Japanese engineers found a change in weight of a gyroscope spinning in the vertical axis. One direction of spin showed a weight decrease, although the other direction did not show a weight increase.⁷

2. Australian researcher, Thom Watson, found a change in weight of a free spinning wheel, depending on which direction it was spinning.⁸

3. By aligning the nuclear spins of some protons, aerospace engineer Henry Wallace obtained small gravitational effects. He had to use elements and isotopes that have an odd number of protons since they pair up in couples in the atomic nucleus. Only the odd protons can be induced to change their spin and then only by a slight amount. They do not flip around like some electrons can in iron atoms. He aligned the spins by rapidly spinning disks of the materials with uncoupled protons and detected gravity changes by measurement of a transverse voltage in a semiconductor crystal.⁹

In 1985 Ephraim Fischbach of Purdue University obtained experimental evidence of differential rates of fall for objects made of different materials. Perhaps his different objects had different spin forces around them; minute, but significant.
Spin does not imply anti-gravity - rather it complements gravity. Centrifugal force, as it has been called, counteracts gravity, so planets don't fall into the Sun. But the spin effects discussed above seem to be another force added to, or combined with, the more well known centrifugal force of classical mechanics.
How could the force of gravity for spinning objects be measured? Is the force of gravity the same for living organisms as it is for inorganic matter? When we learn to systematically alter weight by aligning proton spin, we may develop some useful technologies.

Discussion 

Based on more experimental work, and in view of the above considerations, it may be possible to bring one aspect of life into the equations of physics. Spin may be one clear and definite measure of aliveness, which can be connected with the other forces of physics. Healthier, more alive, or more organized forms of life may have more of their hydrogen protons, or certain molecules, organized, and hence larger spin fields around them. In general, organic matter has a larger proportion of hydrogen protons than inorganic matter. Hot stars, being made up of mostly hydrogen, also may have stronger spin forces around them than more dense, burnt out stars.

These notions lead to some testable predictions, although it is premature to write mathematical descriptions:

1. If a mass is present in the vicinity of a much larger mass, it will experience a force at right angles to a radius vector from the center of the larger mass, in addition to the traditional force of gravity. At large distances the force of gravity may be less than the spin force.
2. If a mass is free to move in space, it will begin to rotate about its own axis.
3. Given any distribution of particles present in space, they will begin to revolve about their own axes and revolve about a common center of gravity.

These predictions could be tested from a space station.

References 

1. Payne, B., “The Spin Force – A Collection of Articles & Experiments”, Ebook – www.buryl.com, 2008.

2. Ross, Charles. 1922. Lancet p.222 July 30 1922.

3. Peschka, Walter, “On Kinetobaric Effects and Bioinformational Transfer by Electromagnetic Fields, in Electromagnetic Bio-Information”, Proceedings on the Symposium, Marburg, Sept. 1977. 
4. Egely, George – Egely Wheel (Vitality Meter) http://www.rexresearch.com/egely/egely.htm 
5. Cowen, R., Science News, Vol. 151, No. 17, Apr. 26, 1997. http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc97/4_26_97/fob1.asp 
6. Earth Science - Brief Article, Hurricanes within Earth's core - Earth's inner core may spin faster than outer core due to convection currents in outer core., Science News,  Dec 7, 1996., http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n23_v150/ai_18965508

7. Hideo Hayasaka and Sakae Takeuchi, Anomalous weight reduction on a gyroscope’s right rotations around the vertical axis on the Earth, Department of Radiation Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980, Japan. Aug. 9, 1989. Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 2701 - 2704 (1989), [Issue 25 – December 1989] http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v63/p2701 

8. SCIENCE NEWS, “Tom Watson theorizes that gravity is a natural internal magnetic attraction”, Nexus New Times Magazine, Feb.-March. 2004 Vol.11, Number 2.
9. The Wallace Inventions, Spin Aligned Nuclei, the Gravitomagnetic Field, and The Tampere ‘Gravity-Shielding’ Experiment: Is There a Connection? The Center for Frontier Sciences, Vol 8, No. 1, Spring, 1999.